Washington: The Obama administration on Thursday announced the repeal of a measure granting automatic residency to virtually every Cuban who arrived in the United States, whether or not they had visas, ending a longstanding exception to US immigration policy.
The end of the "wet foot, dry foot" policy, which allowed any Cuban who reached US soil to stay but returned any picked up at sea, is effective immediately. Cuban officials had sought the change for years.
The shift had been in the works for months. It was announced abruptly because advance warning might have inspired thousands of more people to take to the seas between the Communist-ruled island and Florida in order to beat a deadline.
The United States and Cuba spent several months negotiating the change, including an agreement with Cuba to allow those turned away from the United States to return.
The Department of Homeland Security also ended a parole programme that allowed entry for Cuban medical professionals. That programme was unpopular with Havana because it prompted doctors to leave, sapping the country's pool of trained health workers.
The US Coast Guard intercepts thousands of Cubans attempting the 90-mile (145-km) crossing to Florida every year, but tens of thousands who reach US soil, including via Mexico, have been allowed to stay in the country, while immigrants from other nations have been rounded up and sent home.
The administration had rejected Cuban entreaties to overturn the policy before President Barack Obama's historic visit to the island last year, although even some White House aides argued that it was outmoded given efforts to regularise relations between the former Cold War foes.
"Wet foot, dry foot" began in 1995 under President Bill Clinton after an exodus of tens of thousands of Cubans who were picked up at sea by the Coast Guard as they tried to reach Florida.
Obama has been working to normalise relations with Cuba since he and President Raul Castro announced a breakthrough in diplomatic relations in December 2014. His administration has eased restrictions on travel and trade, allowing more U.S. business with Cuba and improved communications with the island.
"With this change, we will continue to welcome Cubans as we welcome immigrants from other nations, consistent with our laws," Obama said in a statement.
Cuban officials said the U.S. policy had promoted illegal migration, people-trafficking and dangerous journeys across the Florida Straits on flimsy vessels.
Anticipating the end of the policy, Cuban migration has surged since the 2014 normalisation, said Ben Rhodes, Obama's deputy national security adviser.
"People were motivated to migrate," Rhodes told reporters on a call, noting some 40,000 Cubans arrived in 2015 and about 54,000 in 2016.
"MIXED EMOTIONS IN LITTLE HAVANA"
The move to end the policy comes just eight days before the Democratic president turns the White House over to Republican Donald Trump, who has said the United States should get more concessions from Havana in exchange for improved relations.
U.S. immigration policy has given Cuban's benefits granted to nationals from no other country. Until now, virtually every Cuban who made it to U.S. soil was granted the right to stay in the country, the right to apply for work permits and, later, green cards, which convey lawful permanent residency.
Jeh Johnson, the secretary of Homeland Security, said on a call that Cuba will take back citizens as long as less than four years have passed between the time the migrant left Cuba and the start of the US deportation proceedings.
The move sparked mixed emotions in Miami's Little Havana neighbourhood.
Mario Garcia, a Cuban mechanic in Little Havana, said the policy change angered him.
"It's not like Communism has ended in Cuba, so why to stop this that has saved people's lives?" he said.
But Eulalia Jimenez, who is Venezuelan, said the policy was not fair to migrants from other countries who also flee bad conditions.
"Why should only the Cuban people be able to come and make a life for themselves?" Jimenez said.
Some US lawmakers had been demanding a fresh look at the immigration rules, saying Cubans coming to the United States simply for economic reasons should not be automatically granted benefits intended for refugees.
"This is a welcome step in reforming an illogical and discriminatory policy that contrasted starkly with the treatment of deserving refugees from other countries," Senator Patrick Leahy, a Democrat, said in a statement.
Republican Senator Jeff Flake also said eliminating the policy was "a win for taxpayers, border security and our allies in the Western Hemisphere."
Flake and Leahy both support Obama's moves towards freer trade and travel with Cuba. But Democratic Senator Robert Menendez, a staunch opponent and the son of Cuban immigrants, called Thursday's announcement a betrayal of Cubans fleeing persecution.
"We should never deny a Cuban refugee fleeing a brutal regime entry into the United States," Menendez said.
The Department of Homeland Security is also eliminating an exemption that prevented the use of expedited removal programs for Cuban nationals picked up at ports of entry or near the border.
But an existing Cuban Family Reunification Parole Program is not affected by Thursday's announcement and remains in effect.
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